PhilPapers Survey 2020

r: -0.27	Semantic content: minimalism (no more than a few)
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	353
Reject	49	209

n: 626

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	80	310
Reject	13	306

n: 709

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Morality: constructivism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	123	306
Reject	43	303

n: 775

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	100	189
Reject	138	117

n: 544

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	111	176
Reject	59	196

n: 542

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	124	272
Reject	51	273

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Properties: transcendent universals
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	252
Reject	88	195

n: 579

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	304
Reject	126	200

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Morality: non-naturalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	90	335
Reject	131	216

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	240	166
Reject	220	70

n: 696

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Consciousness: dualism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	327
Reject	105	228

n: 741

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Extended mind: yes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	254	153
Reject	138	191

n: 736

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	True contradictions: impossible
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	242	123
Reject	277	62

n: 704

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Truth: correspondence
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	365	334
Reject	327	174

n: 1200

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Belief or credence: belief
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	228
Reject	119	175

n: 621

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Abstract objects: Platonism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	257	424
Reject	261	234

n: 1176

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Wittgenstein: early
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	94	318
Reject	108	193

n: 713

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Justification: coherentism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	127	257
Reject	65	262

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Belief or credence: credence
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	206
Reject	81	213

n: 621

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	124
Reject	86	105

n: 375

p: 0.0013

r: 0.16	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	223	194
Reject	111	206

n: 734

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Arguments for theism: pragmatic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	292
Reject	35	267

n: 676

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Meaning of life: subjective
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	313	331
Reject	146	303

n: 1093

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Truth: deflationary
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	215	481
Reject	104	397

n: 1197

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Abortion: permissible
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	418	53
Reject	304	77

n: 852

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	True contradictions: actual
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	68	297
Reject	31	308

n: 704

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Response to external-world skepticism: epistemic externalist
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	326
Reject	88	235

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Foundations of mathematics: set-theoretic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	204
Reject	44	172

n: 456

p: 0.001

r: 0.15	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	247
Reject	44	214

n: 626

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Consciousness: functionalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	174	235
Reject	104	229

n: 742

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: brute fact
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	131	202
Reject	78	202

n: 613

p: 0.0002

r: -0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	283
Reject	67	214

n: 613

p: 0.0002

r: 0.15	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	135	200
Reject	80	206

n: 621

p: 0.0003

r: 0.15	Truth: epistemic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	107	591
Reject	38	463

n: 1199

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Gender categories: preserve
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	347
Reject	83	222

n: 721

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Laws of nature: Humean
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	271	421
Reject	124	368

n: 1184

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Material composition: restrictivism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	71	120
Reject	100	128

n: 419

p: 0.0044

r: 0.14	Metaontology: anti-realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	45	243
Reject	25	228

n: 541

p: 0.0013

r: 0.14	Spacetime: relationism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	155	105
Reject	82	140

n: 482

p: 0.0026

r: 0.13	Race categories: revise
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	170	219
Reject	82	206

n: 677

p: 0.0005

r: -0.13	Temporal ontology: presentism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	53	234
Reject	64	208

n: 559

p: 0.0017

r: 0.13	Quantum mechanics: many-worlds
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	176
Reject	26	160

n: 423

p: 0.0066

r: -0.13	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	362	403
Reject	310	211

n: 1286

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Knowledge: empiricism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	394	229
Reject	207	228

n: 1058

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	True contradictions: possible but non-actual
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	31	334
Reject	10	329

n: 704

p: 0.0006

r: -0.13	Response to external-world skepticism: dogmatist
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	348
Reject	74	248

n: 713

p: 0.0007

r: -0.13	Propositions: structured entities
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	126	192
Reject	144	158

n: 620

p: 0.0017

r: -0.13	Aesthetic value: objective
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	324	361
Reject	269	223

n: 1177

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Immortality: yes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	189	254
Reject	195	171

n: 809

p: 0.0004

r: 0.12	Cosmological fine-tuning: multiverse
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	67	267
Reject	37	244

n: 615

p: 0.002

r: 0.12	Gender categories: revise
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	258	160
Reject	145	160

n: 723

p: 0.0008

r: 0.12	Free will: compatibilism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	519	241
Reject	297	227

n: 1284

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Propositions: nonexistent
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	257
Reject	38	263

n: 618

p: 0.002

r: 0.12	Normative concepts: fit
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	300
Reject	15	250

n: 605

p: 0.0023

r: 0.12	Causation: counterfactual/difference-making
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	172	210
Reject	111	196

n: 689

p: 0.0013

r: 0.12	Material composition: universalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	122
Reject	75	153

n: 419

p: 0.0127

r: -0.12	Propositional attitudes: representational
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	157	178
Reject	164	123

n: 622

p: 0.0028

r: -0.12	Concepts: nativism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	240
Reject	107	166

n: 612

p: 0.0037

r: -0.12	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	102	231
Reject	98	147

n: 578

p: 0.0054

r: 0.11	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	398	252
Reject	233	217

n: 1100

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Meaning of life: objective
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	236	406
Reject	207	242

n: 1091

p: 0.0002

r: -0.11	Personal identity: further-fact view
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	100	528
Reject	102	355

n: 1085

p: 0.0002

r: 0.11	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	282	483
Reject	158	363

n: 1286

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Science: scientific realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	539	186
Reject	430	81

n: 1236

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Gender: social
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	521	178
Reject	289	171

n: 1159

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	491	213
Reject	401	116

n: 1221

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Logic: classical
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	323	231
Reject	288	142

n: 984

p: 0.0005

r: -0.11	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	64	353
Reject	71	246

n: 734

p: 0.003

r: -0.11	Foundations of mathematics: formalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	223
Reject	11	203

n: 453

p: 0.02

r: -0.1	Free will: libertarianism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	140	620
Reject	129	394

n: 1283

p: 0.0002

r: 0.1	Propositions: acts
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	284
Reject	20	281

n: 619

p: 0.0102

r: -0.1	A priori knowledge: yes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	563	187
Reject	442	104

n: 1296

p: 0.0002

r: -0.1	Hume: skeptic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	134	252
Reject	119	157

n: 662

p: 0.0097

r: -0.1	Quantum mechanics: hidden-variables
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	51	187
Reject	51	135

n: 424

p: 0.041

r: 0.1	Personal identity: psychological view
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	363	271
Reject	203	256

n: 1093

p: 0.001

r: 0.1	External world: idealism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	681
Reject	29	507

n: 1276

p: 0.0004

r: 0.1	Properties: classes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	245
Reject	25	256

n: 578

p: 0.0193

r: 0.1	Justification: reliabilism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	153	234
Reject	118	208

n: 713

p: 0.0101

r: -0.09	Rational disagreement: non-permissivism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	71	368
Reject	88	251

n: 778

p: 0.0084

r: 0.09	Moral motivation: internalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	303	320
Reject	175	257

n: 1055

p: 0.0024

r: 0.09	Experience machine: yes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	575
Reject	56	460

n: 1212

p: 0.0013

r: -0.09	Causation: primitive
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	71	305
Reject	79	226

n: 681

p: 0.0169

r: -0.09	Race categories: eliminate
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	170	218
Reject	128	160

n: 676

p: 0.0188

r: -0.09	Philosophical progress: a lot
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	304	433
Reject	276	263

n: 1276

p: 0.0013

r: -0.09	Grounds of intentionality: primitive
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	270
Reject	42	204

n: 554

p: 0.0385

r: -0.09	Response to external-world skepticism: abductive
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	76	315
Reject	92	233

n: 716

p: 0.0187

r: -0.09	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	471	269
Reject	380	155

n: 1275

p: 0.0018

r: -0.09	Race categories: preserve
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	359
Reject	36	251

n: 675

p: 0.0231

r: -0.09	Vagueness: epistemic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	163	461
Reject	136	348

n: 1108

p: 0.0038

r: -0.09	Values in science: can be either
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	124	294
Reject	119	199

n: 736

p: 0.0195

r: 0.08	Philosophical progress: a little
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	395	342
Reject	243	296

n: 1276

p: 0.0025

r: 0.08	Justification: infinitism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	373
Reject	9	313

n: 704

p: 0.025

r: -0.08	Politics: capitalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	124	296
Reject	122	196

n: 738

p: 0.0256

r: 0.08	Response to external-world skepticism: semantic externalist
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	354
Reject	23	299

n: 711

p: 0.0289

r: 0.08	Morality: naturalist realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	162	267
Reject	110	237

n: 776

p: 0.0278

r: 0.08	Race: social
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	528	187
Reject	295	161

n: 1171

p: 0.0072

r: -0.08	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	471	254
Reject	371	159

n: 1255

p: 0.0076

r: -0.07	Race: unreal
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	113	584
Reject	79	369

n: 1145

p: 0.0121

r: 0.07	Other minds: future AI systems
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	215	257
Reject	137	224

n: 833

p: 0.0332

r: 0.07	Other minds: plants
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	431
Reject	20	341

n: 833

p: 0.0335

r: -0.18	AOS: Epistemology
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	158	628
Reject	195	354

n: 1335

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Tradition: Analytic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	618	159
Reject	508	37

n: 1322

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosopher: Moore
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	10	580
Reject	22	369

n: 981

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Tradition: Other tradition
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	88	689
Reject	22	523

n: 1322

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Philosopher: Descartes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	15	575
Reject	28	363

n: 981

p: 0.0005

r: 0.11	Tradition: Continental
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	71	706
Reject	15	530

n: 1322

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Philosopher: Reid
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	10	580
Reject	20	371

n: 981

p: 0.0007

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Russell
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	30	560
Reject	37	354

n: 981

p: 0.0017

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Dewey
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	31	559
Reject	5	386

n: 981

p: 0.0022

r: -0.1	Gender: male
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	606	184
Reject	460	84

n: 1334

p: 0.0004

r: -0.09	AOS: Metaphysics
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	147	639
Reject	158	391

n: 1335

p: 0.0006

r: 0.09	Gender: female
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	180	610
Reject	83	461

n: 1334

p: 0.0006

r: 0.09	Region of PhD: Oceania
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	31	522
Reject	9	394

n: 956

p: 0.0041

r: 0.09	Region of PhD: Canada
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	29	524
Reject	8	395

n: 956

p: 0.0045

r: 0.09	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	55	731
Reject	16	533

n: 1335

p: 0.0011

r: 0.09	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	35	751
Reject	5	544

n: 1335

p: 0.0014

r: -0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	54	732
Reject	55	494

n: 1335

p: 0.0023

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Arendt
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	12	578
Reject	2	389

n: 981

p: 0.0125

r: -0.08	Other demographics: YOB
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	325	414
Reject	271	234

n: 1244

p: 0.0061

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Nietzsche
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	23	567
Reject	7	384

n: 981

p: 0.0182

r: 0.07	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	138	648
Reject	63	486

n: 1335

p: 0.0064

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Beauvoir
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	16	574
Reject	2	389

n: 981

p: 0.0203

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Plato
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	30	560
Reject	29	362

n: 981

p: 0.0251

r: 0.07	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	52	734
Reject	16	533

n: 1335

p: 0.0103

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Whitehead
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	7	583
Reject	0	391

n: 981

p: 0.0286

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Derrida
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	6	584
Reject	1	390

n: 981

p: 0.0286

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	63	527
Reject	31	360

n: 981

p: 0.0322

r: 0.07	AOS: Applied Ethics
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	109	677
Reject	53	496

n: 1335

p: 0.0141

r: 0.07	Region of nationality: Oceania
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	47	701
Reject	17	492

n: 1257

p: 0.0204

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Aquinas
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	20	570
Reject	17	374

n: 981

p: 0.0485

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Biology
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	43	743
Reject	14	535

n: 1335

p: 0.0261

r: 0.06	AOS: Asian Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	22	764
Reject	4	545

n: 1335

p: 0.0272

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Computing and Information
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	16	770
Reject	3	546

n: 1335

p: 0.0362

Survey Results

Correlations

Strongest correlations with philosophical questions

Strongest correlations with demographic questions